| United States v. Hudson and Goodwin | ||||||
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Supreme Court of the United States |
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| Decided February 13, 1812 | ||||||
| Full case name | United States v. Barzillai Hudson and George Goodwin | |||||
| Citations | 11 U.S. 32 (more) 3 L. Ed. 259; 1812 U.S. LEXIS 365 |
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| Prior history | On certiorari from the Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut | |||||
| Holding | ||||||
| The lower federal courts have no jurisdiction in criminal cases unless Congress has designated an act to be a crime, attached a penalty, and granted jurisdiction. | ||||||
| Court membership | ||||||
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| Case opinions | ||||||
| Majority | Johnson, joined by Marshall, Livingston, Todd, Duvall, Story | |||||
| Washington took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. | ||||||
| Laws applied | ||||||
| U.S. Const. art. III | ||||||
United States v. Hudson and Goodwin, 11 U.S. 32 (1812), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Congress must first enact a law criminalizing an activity, attach a penalty, and give the federal courts jurisdiction over the offense in order for the court to render a conviction.
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Barzillai Hudson and George Goodwin, the defendants in this case, were charged with a libel on the President and Congress, having accused them of secretly voting to give Napoleon Bonaparte $2 million to make a treaty with Spain. The Circuit Court was divided on the question of whether they could exercise common law jurisdiction over such cases.
Justice William Johnson, Jr. delivered the opinion of the Court. He first explained that the federal government is one of limited powers, as set forth in the Constitution. Furthermore, only the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was explicitly defined in Article III of the U.S. Constitution. Since the lower federal courts were created by Congress with the Judiciary Act of 1789, their jurisdiction had to be defined by Congress. Therefore, the Court reasoned that since Congress has the power to create such courts, the principles of limited government militate in favor of limiting those courts' jurisdiction to specific acts specified by Congress. The Court held that "[t]he legislative authority of the Union must first make an act a crime, affix a punishment to it, and declare the Court that shall have jurisdiction of the offence."
Justice Johnson, in dicta, also mentioned an exception to this general rule—that courts do have some implied powers; for example, to punish litigants for contumacy (contempt of court) and enforcement of court orders.
This case effectively closed the door on the lower federal courts' powers to try and convict defendants for common law crimes, and mandated that Congress specifically define their criminal jurisdiction through legislation. Thus, the court essentially introduced the legal concept of nulla poena sine lege into federal jurisprudence.
Text of United States v. Hudson and Goodwin is available from: Justia · Findlaw